10.Navigation 1 - General Navigation, oxford
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Introduction
GENERAL NAVIGATION
© Oxford Aviation Academy (UK) Limited 2008
All Rights Reserved
This text book is to be used only for the purpose of private study by individuals and may not be reproduced
in any form or medium, copied, stored in a retrieval system, lent, hired, rented, transmited or adapted in
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Copyright in all documents and materials bound within these covers or atached hereto, excluding that material
which is reproduced by the kind permission of third parties and acknowledged as such, belongs exclusively to
Oxford Aviation Academy.
Certain copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the International Civil Aviation Organisation,
the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA).
This text book has been writen and published as a reference work to assist students enrolled on an approved
EASA Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) course to prepare themselves for the EASA ATPL theoretical
knowledge examinations. Nothing in the content of this book is to be interpreted as constituting instruction
or advice relating to practical lying.
Whilst every efort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained within this book, neither
Oxford Aviation Academy nor the distributor gives any warranty as to its accuracy or otherwise. Students
preparing for the EASA ATPL theoretical knowledge examinations should not regard this book as a substitute
for the EASA ATPL theoretical knowledge training syllabus published in the current edition of ‘CS-FCL 1
Flight Crew Licensing (Aeroplanes)’ (the Syllabus). The Syllabus constitutes the sole authoritative deinition
of the subject mater to be studied in an EASA ATPL theoretical knowledge training programme. No student
should prepare for, or is currently entitled to enter himself/herself for the EASA ATPL theoretical knowledge
examinations without irst being enrolled in a training school which has been granted approval by an EASA
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Cover Photograph: Boeing 777 - 200 cockpit display
Photographed by Bailey, for www.airteamimages.com
This edition distributed by Transair (UK) Ltd, Shoreham, England: 2008
Printed in Singapore by KHL Printing Co. Pte Ltd
ii
GENERAL NAVIGATION
Introduction
Textbook Series
Book
Title
EASA Ref. No. Subject
1
010 Air Law
010
2
020 Aircraft General Knowledge 1
021 01
Airframes & Systems
021 01 01-04
Fuselage, Wings & Stabilising Surfaces
021 01 05
Landing Gear
021 01 06
Flight Controls
021 01 07
Hydraulics
021 01 08-09
Air Systems & Air Conditioning
021 01 10
Anti-icing & De-icing
021 01 11
Fuel Systems
021 04 00
Emergency Equipment
3
020 Aircraft General Knowledge 2
021 02
Electrics – Electronics
021 02 01
Direct Current
021 02 02
Alternating Current
021 02 05
Basic Radio Propagation.
4
020 Aircraft General Knowledge 3
021 00
Powerplant
021 03 01
Piston Engines
021 03 02
Gas Turbines
5
020 Aircraft General Knowledge 4
022
Instrumentation
022 01
Flight Instruments
022 03
Warning & Recording
022 02
Automatic Flight Control
022 04
Power Plant & System Monitoring Instruments
6
030 Flight Performance & Planning 1
031
Mass & Balance
032
Performance
7
030 Flight Performance & Planning 2
033
Flight Planning & Monitoring
8
040 Human Performance & Limitations
040
9
050 Meteorology
050
10
060 Navigation 1
061
General Navigation
11
060 Navigation 2
062
Radio Navigation
12
070 Operational Procedures
070
13
080 Principles of Flight
080
14
090 Communications
091
VFR Communications
092
IFR Communications
iii
Introduction
GENERAL NAVIGATION
iv
GENERAL NAVIGATION
Introduction
Contents
DIRECTION, LATITUDE and LONGITUDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
GREAT CIRCLES, RHUMB LINES and DIRECTIONS ON THE EARTH . . . . . . . . 19
EARTH MAGNETISM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
THE NAVIGATION COMPUTER - SLIDE RULE FACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
THE NAVIGATION COMPUTER - DISTANCE, SPEED, TIME and CONVERSIONS
83
THE NAVIGATION COMPUTER - TAS and ALTITUDE CONVERSIONS . . . . . . .103
THE NAVIGATION COMPUTER - TRIANGLE OF VELOCITIES . . . . . . . . . . . .123
THE NAVIGATION COMPUTER - WIND FINDING and CALCULATION of HEADING 137
THE NAVIGATION COMPUTER - MULTI-DRIFT WINDS and WIND COMPONENTS 171
THE 1 IN 60 RULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
NAVIGATION USING THE 1 IN 60 RULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
OTHER APPLICATIONS OF THE 1 IN 60 RULE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213
TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS AND MAP READING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223
CONVERGENCY AND CONVERSION ANGLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241
DEPARTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263
SCALE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275
GENERAL CHART PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283
MERCATOR CHARTS - PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
MERCATOR CHARTS - SCALE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311
MERCATOR CHARTS - PLOTTING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323
LAMBERT’S CONFORMAL CHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339
LAMBERT’S CONFORMAL CHART - 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353
MID COURSE TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367
THE POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC CHART. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381
TRANSVERSE AND OBLIQUE MERCATOR CHARTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393
TIME (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
TIME (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421
TIME (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449
CRITICAL POINT (CP) and POINT OF NO RETURN (PNR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483
GRIDDED CHARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .493
PLOTTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .517
THE DIRECT INDICATING COMPASS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .533
REMOTE INDICATING MAGNETIC COMPASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553
AIRCRAFT MAGNETISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .571
Continued . . . . . . . . . .
v
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